1. Officials at the provincial level mainly organized Shandong army to suppress the Nien and grass-roots officials mainly organized local civil corps to strengthen defense.
省级官员主要是组织山东地方兵、勇防剿捻军，而地方基层官员主要是组织团练，加强地方防御。
2. On the other hand, more ordinary people organized civil corps under the leadership of local gentry in order to avoid war and defend their hometown.
另一方面，更多的普通民众，为了躲避战乱，免受兵燹之苦，在地方士绅的带领下，纷纷组织团练，以此保卫桑梓。